My question is: same JDK version, same tomcat version, project written using jfinal under Windows, and then packaged under the webapps directory of tomcat6 for ubuntu12.04 server:
The following error occurs:

SEVERE: Error filterStart 
Aug 27, 2013 9:37:44 AM org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContext start 
SEVERE: Context [/test] startup failed due to previous errors 

Based on my own experience and solutions, here is my approach:
First remove &lt from web.xml; filter> Tag, and then restart Tomcat. The error will be reported in the background of Tomcat to see what is the cause of the error.
If a package is missing, the necessary package is imported, and any other errors resolve themselves. Mine is not short of bags

SEVERE: End event threw exception 
java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException 
        at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method) 
        at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:57) 
        at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43) 
        at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:616) 
        at org.apache.tomcat.util.IntrospectionUtils.callMethod1(IntrospectionUtils.java:928) 
        at org.apache.tomcat.util.digester.SetNextRule.end(SetNextRule.java:193) 
        at org.apache.tomcat.util.digester.Rule.end(Rule.java:229) 
        at org.apache.tomcat.util.digester.Digester.endElement(Digester.java:1138) 
        at com.sun.org.apache.xerces.internal.parsers.AbstractSAXParser.endElement(AbstractSAXParse 
r.java:604) 

According to the information I collected on the Internet, it is probably due to the inconsistency or lower version of the JDK version; Select a unified version of the development and running environments
If the version is not unified, the unified version, if the version is low, then change to a high version.
(However, I also have a problem here, if the server can not connect to the external network, then the program started under Tomcat is still an error)
Here is the download link for the JDK:
http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/archive-139210.html